2 Leon Botstein, ?Let Teen-Agers Try Adulthood,? Op-Ed page essay, The New York Times, May 17, 1999, p. A21.
3 William Irwin Thompson, Passages About Earth: an Exploration of the New Planetary Culture (New York: Harper & Row, 1974). p.21.
4 Jean Gebser, Everpresent Origin, trans. Noel Barstad with Algis Mickunas (Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 1991).
6 The Kingfisher Illustrated History of the World, ed. Jack Zevin (New York: Larousse Kingfisher Chambers, 1993).The Times History of the World , ed. Geoffrey Barraclough (London: Times Books, 1999).
7 See Remo H. Largo, Die Kinderjahre (Zvrich: Piper Verlag, 1999). There is also evidence that in mammals the close bonding, nursing, and fondling of mother and infant serves to activate gene expression and select for a healthy organism with a fully functional immune system. See Meany, M.J., Diorio, J., Francis, D., Widdowson, J., LaPlante, P., Caldji,C., Sharma, S., Seckl, J.R., & Plotsky, P.M. (1996), 'Early environmental regulation of forebrain glucocorticoid receptor gene expression:implications for adrenocortical responses to stress', Developmental Neuroscience 18, pp. 49-72.
8 See Leonard Shlain, The Alphabet versus the Goddess: The Conflict Between Word and Image (New York: Viking, 1998).
9 For a discussion of the negative side-effects and permanent neurological damage done to children through the over-prescription of psychostimulant drugs, see Jaak Panksepp Affective Neuroscience: the Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 320-323.
10 Robert Graves, Chapters X and XI " The Tree Alphabet (1) and (2), The White Goddess (New York: Farrar, Strauss, & Giroux,1975).
11 Lawrence Kushner, The Book of Letters: A Mystical alef-Bait (New York: Jewish Lights, 1991).
12 Stan Tenen, A Matrix of Meaning for Sacred Alphabets ( San Anselmo, California : Meru Foundation, P.O. Box 1738, San Anselmo, CA. 94979,1991).
13 For a comparison of the evolution of the early city in China and Mesoamerica, see Paul Wheatley's The Pivot of the Four Quarters (Chicago: Aldine, 1971).
14 See A. F. Aveni, World Archaeoastronomy ( London: Cambridge University Press, 1989).
15 The Exaltation of Inanna, eds. William W. Hallo and J. A. Van Dijk (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1968).
16 Leonard Shlain, Op. Cit..
17 For a discussion of these two works, see my The Time Falling Bodies Take to Light: Mythology, Sexuality, and the Origins of Culture (New York: St. Martin?s Press, 1981).
18 See George G. Joseph, The Crest of the Peacock: the Non-European Roots of Mathematics (Tauris: London, 1991).
19 Willis Barnstone, Sappho and the Greek Lyric Poets (New York: Shocken, 1962), p. 80.
20 See Merlin Stone?s When God Was a Woman (New York: Dial Press, 1976).
21 See Derek A. Welsby, The Kingdon of Kush: The Natapan and Meroitic Empires (Princeton, NJ: Markus Wiener Publishers, 1998).
22 For a less mystical approach to the Axial Age, see Gore Vidal?s novel, The Creation (New York: Ballentine, 1981).
23 See The Upanishads, trans. Eknath Easwaran (Tomales Calif: Niligri Press, 1987), p. 111.
24 The Dhammapada: the Sayings of Buddha , translation and commentary by Thomas Cleary (New York: Bantam Books, 1995).
25 Lao-Tzu, Te-Tao Ching, trans. R. G. Henricks (New York, Ballantine Books, 1989). For a discussion of Lao Tzu?s work as a revival of the prehistoric goddess religion, see the chapter, ?The Road Not Taken? in my Coming into Being: Artifacts and Texts in the Evolution of Consciousness (New York; St. Martin?s Press, 1998).
26 The Essential Confucius, trans. Thomas Cleary, (San Francisco: Harper Collins, 1992).
27 For translations and introductory essay, see my Blue Jade from the Morning Star: a Cycle of Poems and an Essay on Quetzalcoatl (Hudson, New York: Lindisfarne Press, 1983). For a different interpretation, see Enrique Florescano?s The Myth of Quetzalcoatl (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999). See page 135 for his discussion of Olmec ceremonial centers. For the presence of the iconography of the Plumed Serpent in Olmec culture, see The Olmec World: Ritual and Rulership, ed. Jill Gurthrie (Princeton, NJ: The Art Museum, Princeton University, 1996), p. 84. My own, highly poetic and speculative interpretation is that the poetry and the artifacts show a conflict between an archaic shamanic tradition and an emergent prophetic religion. In the archaic tradition of animal possession, the shaman projects his subtle body into a jaguar and brings about the birth of a half-human, half-jaguar baby. To propitiate this spirit, human sacrifice of foetuses in the womb are offered up?hence the presence of all these infants with jaguar features. Quetzalcoatl tries to suppress this tradition with a higher morality, and he establishes his palace and temple, but the sorcerers come to bring him down and return to their archaic ways of human sacrifice.
28 See Cyrus Gordon, Before Columbus (New York: Crown, 1971), and Barry Fell, America B.C. (New York: Quadrangle, 1977), also Ivan Van Sertima, They Came Before Columbus: The African Presence in Ancient America (New York: Random House, 1977).
29 Consult the works of Harold Innis, Marshall McLuhan, Eric Havelock, and Leonard Shlain for discussions of the role of the alphabet in the formation of Greek society.
30 For an alternative to the party-line on Plato, see Adriana Cavarero's In Spite of Plato: A Feminist Rewriting of Ancient Philosophy (New York: Routledge, 1995).
31 See Richard C. Foltz, Religions of the Silk Road (St. Martin?s Press: New York, 1999).
32 The Cassell Atlas of World History (Cassell: London, 1997). The Times History of the World , ed. Geoffrey Barraclough (London: Times Books, 1999).
33 See Amin Malouf, The Crusades through Arab Eyes (New York: Schoken Books, 1989). An excellent globalist view of the interacting world civilizations of this time can be found in Archibald Lewis?s Nomads and Crusaders, AD 1000-1368 (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1988).
34 The helmet of the knight in the paintings of this book bears the emblematic device of a winged heart, which is the primary icon of Sufism. See King Ren]?s Book of Love (New York: Braziller, 1980).
35 Alfred W. Crosby sees this shift as occurring before the Renaissance. "Then, between 1250 and 1350, there came, not so much in theory as in actual application, a marked shift. We can probably pare that century down to fifty years, 1275 to 1325." See his The Measure of Reality: Quantification and Western Society 1250-1600 (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge and New York, 1997), p. 18. Since this is the time of Giotto and Dante, it makes some sense to see the intellectual breakthrough occurring then, followed by the calamity of the Black Death, and then the economic and social reconstruction of Europe that we associate with Florentine capitalism and Renaissance art. Cultural historians as different as Alfred Crosby and Rudolf Steiner both see the thirteenth century as the time of the bifurcation in the evolution of consciousness, so perhaps it is more informed to push the Renaissance back, before the Black Death. The new mentality would then be seen to be expressed in Arabic music and poetry, inspiring Provencal poetry and Dante's dulce stil nuovo, as well as the new mathematical sensibility. The Algebraic mentality could then be seen as a transition state between the Geometrical and the Galilean Dynamical to come. Unlike the Geometrical Mentality, however, the Algebraic is too esoteric and does not externalize itself as an entire civilization with its corresponding architectural monuments.
36 See William H. McNeill's Plagues and Peoples. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984).
37 See Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Discourse on the Natural Theology of the Chinese, (Honolulu: Monographs of the Society for Asian and Comparative Philosophy, No. 4, University of Hawaii Press, 1977.)
38 See Fernand Braudel, Civilization and Capitalism, Volume III, The Perspective of the World (London, Fontana Press, Harper Collins, 1984), p. 32.
39 See Robin Blackburn, The Making of New World Slavery (London: Verso Books, 1997).
40 Patricia Buckley Ebrey, Cambridge Illustrated History of China
(London, Cambridge University Press, 1996), p. 209.
41 Lisa Jardine, Worldly Goods: A New History of the Renaissance (London, Macmillan, 1996), pp. 370, 371, 375, 376.
42 A good work to consult here is Frances Yates?s The Roscicrucian Enlightenment (London: Routledge, 1972).
43 This painting was exhibited in the Metropolitan?s exhibition, ?Possessing the Past? and is reproduced on page 538 of the catalogue-book.)
44 See The Beethoven Quartet Companion, ed. Robert Winter and Robert Martin (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1994), pp. 11-27.
45 See Jacques Attali, Noise: the Political Economy of Music (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1985), pp. 31, 32.
46 See Michel Serres's "Turner Traduit Carnot" in La Traduction (Paris: Editions de Minuit, 1974).
47 See Fernand Braudel, Civilization and Capitalism, 15th-18th Century, Volume III, The Perspective of the World (London and New York, Harper Collins/Fontana Books, 1984), p. 272.
48 See "War, Money, and the Nation-State" in Paul Kennedy's The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers:1500 to 2000 (New York: Random House, 1988). See also Fernand Braudel's "England's greatness and the national debt" in Civilization and Capitalism, 15th -18th Century, Volume III, The Perspective of the World (London and New York: Harper Collins/Fontana, 1984), pp. 375-379. See also Simon Schama, The Embarrassment of Riches: an Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age (New York: Knopf, 1987),
49 See Lord Macaulay's The History of England (London: Penguin Classics, 1979), pp. 488, 505.
50 See E. P. Thompson's classic, The Making of the English Working Class, (New York: Random House, 1966). Paul Kennedy, op. cit., p. 109.
51 For an understanding of Blake's dissenting background, with its antinomian rejection of polite bourgeois culture, see E. P. Thompson's Witness Against the Beast: William Blake and the Moral Law (The New Press,: New York, 1993).
52 See John A. Crow, The Epic of Latin America (University of California Press, Berkeley, 1992), p. 436.
53 I think the best (and briefest) study of this social phenomenon is still A. F. C. Wallace's classic paper from almost a half century ago, "Revitalization Movements," American Anthropologist, LVIII (April, 1956), 264-281. This paper used to be available in the journal's reprint series.
54 See Eleanor Rosch, Evan Thompson, and Francisco Varela, The Embodied Mind: Cognitive Science and Human Experience ( MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, 1991); also Thompson and Varela?s Why the Mind is Not in the Head (Harvard University Press, in press).
55 David Jordan, Transforming Paris: the Life and Labors of Baron Haussmann (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), p. 172.
56 See Juliet Wilson-Bareau, Manet, Monet, and the Gare Saint-Lazare (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998);
57 See Giulo M. Gallarotti, The Anatomy of an International Monetary Regime: the Classical Gold Standard 1880-1914 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995).
58 See Thomas Pakenham, The Scramble for Africa: the White Man?s Conquest of the Dark Continent from 1876 to 1912 (Avon Books: New York, 1993), p.311.
59 See Lewis P. Curtis Jr., Apes and Angels: the Irishman in Victorian Caricature (New York: George Braziller/Smithsonian Institution Press, 1971); also, Noel Ignatiev, How the Irish Became White (New York & London: Routledge, 1995).
60 For a fascinating study of the relationships between science and art in the twentieth century, one written by a world-famous scientist, see C. H. Waddington's Behind Appearance: A Study of the Relations between Painting and the Natural Sciences in this Century (Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh Press, 1969).
61 See Michael J. Hogan, A Cross of Iron: Harry S. Truman and the Origins of the National Security State 1945-1954 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998).
62 See Samuel Noah Kramer, The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character (University of Chicago Press: Chicago and London, 1963), p. 116.
63 Walter Benjamin, ?Paris, die Hauptstadt des XIX Jahrhunderts,? Illuminationen: Ausgewaehlte Schriften (Suhrkamp: Frankfurt am Main, 1974), 170-184.
64 See Giulo M. Gallarotti, op. cit., see note 56.
65 See Frantisek Kupka: Die Abstrakten Farben des Universums, ed. Dorothy Kosinski and Jaroslav Andel (Verlag Gerd Hatje: Ostfildern bei Stuttgart, 1998).
66 On more than one occasion, younger scholars have accused me of using the ideas of Baudrillard without due citation. My approach to writing on contemporary culture was certainly influenced by Marshall McLuhan, whom I encountered both at MIT and the University of Toronto, but my wrtings on Los Angeles come twenty years before I read Baudrillard. In 1967, I wrote ?Los Angles: Reflections at the Edge of History,? which was published inThe Antioch Review in 1968; it became the first chapter of my book, At the Edge of History in 1971. Because this book was nominated for The National Book Award, it was translated into popular editions in French and Italian, where both Baudrillard and Eco could easily encounter it. I went on to write on Disneyland and fake history in the introduction to the 1988 reissue of this book and in my subsequent work, The American Replacement of Nature (New York: Doubleday, Currency Books, 1991). I now delight in Baudrillard?s outrageously French and his own arrogantly footnoteless style, but my approach comes from having grown up in Los Angeles and having been a teenager with a car at the time of the opening of Disneyland.
67 Braudel's perception of this shift is brilliant. "Can one suggest that a highly convenient rule might operate in this context, to wit, that any city which is becoming or has become the centre of a world-economy, is the first place in which the seismic movements of the system show themselves, and subsequently the first to be truly cured of them? If so, it would shed a new light on Black Thursday in Wall Street in 1929, which I am inclined to see as marking the beginning of New York's leadership of the world." See Fernand Braudel, Civilization and Capitalism,15th-18th Century, Volume III, The Perspective of the World (London: Fontana, Harper Collins, 1984), p. 272.
68 Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, The Future of Man (New York: Harper & Row, 1964), p. 130.
69 See Nancy Jack Todd and John Todd, From Eco-Cities to Living Machines:Principles of Ecological Design (Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books, 1994).